ANATOMY OF BREAST
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Adipose tissue, which is primarily composed of fat, makes up your breast. It crosses your ribcage and stretches from your collarbone to your armpit.
LOBES
Each breast consists of 15–20 lobes or portions. These lobes round around the nipple.
GLANDULAR TISSUES
The end of these tiny bulb-shaped glandular tissue fragments, which are situated inside lobes, produces milk.
MAMMARY DUCTS
From glandular tissue (lobules) to your nipples, milk travels through these tiny tubes or ducts. This duct is also called as milk duct
NIPPLES
The areola’s nipple is located in the middle. About nine milk ducts and hundreds of nerves can be found in each nipple.
AREOLAE
The areola is the ring-shaped region of skin with a deeper tone that surrounds your nipple.
BLOOD VESSELS
Blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood throughout your body and breasts.
LYMPH VESSELS
These vessels, which are a component of your lymphatic system, transport lymph, a fluid that aids your body’s immune system in the battle against illness.
LYMPH NODES
Lymph nodes, which can be seen in your chest, beneath the armpits, and in other locations, are connected by lymph veins. Small organs called lymph nodes work to combat infection.
FIBROADENOMA OF BREAST
A fibroadenoma is a very common condition that is found in most women between the ages of 15 to 35.
Fibroadenoma are well-defined solid breast lump. These lumps are non-cancerous.
A Fibroadenoma often causes no pain. It can feel firm, smooth, and round shape while touching. It moves easily within the breast tissue when touched. Persistent fibroadenoma needs to be removed surgically.
FIBROADENOSIS BREAST
Fibroadenosis of the breast also commonly known as fibrocystic disease of the breast is a common condition where the breast tissue develops lumps that may feel heavy and uncomfortable.
Fibroadenosis is a benign growth abnormality of the breast, causing lumpiness and tenderness.
The lump is smooth and rubbery, firm, and ill-defined in shape. They may move under pressure under the skin.
It is hormone-related and occurs between the onset of menstruation and in pre-menopausal women.
There is no need for treatment if you don’t have any symptoms or if they are minimal for fibrocystic breasts.
Treatment may be necessary if you have huge fibrocystic breasts or if you have terrible pain or huge, painful cysts. Treatment may include surgical excision of the swelling is done.
FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF THE BREAST
Women who develop fluid-filled cysts and fibrosis in one or both of their breasts experience fibrocystic breast changes.
Though it’s sometimes called fibrocystic breast disease, it is actually not a disease. On touching it may feel the thickening of the breast tissue known as fibrosis through the skin. It might feel a little rubbery, ropy, or hard.
Fibrosis can also develop on its own without any cysts developing.
INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA
It is a wart-like lump that develops in one or more of the breast ducts.
It is usually close to the nipple, but can sometimes be found somewhere in the breast.
Intraductal papilloma it is a non-cancer breast condition.
The patient may feel a small lump and a discharge of clear or blood-stained fluid from the nipple. It causes pain and discomfort around the area.
Surgery is usually suggested by a doctor to remove an intraductal papilloma.
The unaffected regions of the breast will remain intact, but the surgeon will remove the growth and the impaired milk duct.
CYCLIC MASTALGIA
Cyclic mastalgia means breast pain that occurs during the menstrual period of women.
Cyclic mastalgia affects women in the age group of 20 to 40, while they are still menstruating. In the last week or two of your menstrual cycle, just before your period, you may experience this pain.
During this period, the breasts are frequently uncomfortable, sensitive, and swollen. At other times throughout the cycle, yet, symptoms become better.
The discomfort often radiates to your underarm region and the outside and upper portions of both breasts.
BREAST IMAGING TEST
Breast imaging test includes mammograms, ultrasound, and breast MRI.
MAMMOGRAPHY
X-rays are used in mammography to produce pictures of the breast. It is usually performed screening mammograms for women without symptoms and diagnostic mammograms for women with areas of concern.
ULTRASOUND
Breast ultrasound is an imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of breast images of breast tissue.
Ultrasound reveals the tissue composition and blood flow in any areas of concern in the breast. This information helps the doctor to determine their level of suspicion regarding the findings.
MRI
For patients with a breast cancer diagnosis and for those who are at high risk of breast cancer, magnetic resonance imaging MRI, can provide the clearest, most detailed pictures of the breast.
This radiation-free imaging technology creates 3D images of the breast that can be used in screening, staging treatment response evaluation, and pre-surgery planning.
BREAST BIOPSY
A breast biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure in which they remove a sample of breast tissue from the breast.
Breast tissue must be removed surgically or with a biopsy needle during a breast biopsy so that a pathologist may study it for signs of breast cancer or other diseases.
The only diagnostic method that can conclusively confirm whether a suspicious spot is cancerous is a breast biopsy.
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY-FNAC
Using a small, hollow needle, a sample of breast tissue or fluid is aspirated during a fine needle aspiration (FNA) and examined for the presence of cancer cells.
This biopsy is usually taken when other tests indicate that the patient may have breast cancer.
BREAST CANCER
Some breast cells start to develop uncontrollably, which leads to breast cancer. These cells continue to grow and divide more quickly than healthy cells, generating a bulk or lump.
The cells may spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Breast cancer mostly begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts or in the glandular tissue called lobules or in other cells or tissue within the breast.
Breast cancer is usually diagnosed by the combination of clinical examination, needle biopsy (FNAC or tru cut biopsy), and imaging(mammogram).
Treatment which includes;
Surgery – lumpectomy/mastectomy/ simply mastectomy
Chemotherapy– before or after surgery.
Radiation therapy
Hormonal therapy– Depending upon the estrogen and progesterone receptor status of the tumor.
PHYLLODES TUMOR OF BREAST
Phyllodes tumors or cystosarcoma phyllodes are rare tumors that originate in the connective tissue of the breast rather than the ducts or glands, which are where the majority of breast cancers begin.
Only a small percentage of phyllodes tumors are malignant (cancer), while the majority are benign.
Usually there present with lobulated and highly vascular and huge swelling in the breast. And are known to have high chances of recurrence.
Phyllodes tumors typically need to be removed completely with surgery.
LUMPECTOMY
A lumpectomy, also known as breast-conserving surgery or wide local excision, involves the surgeon removing the tumor along with a small margin of healthy tissue from the surrounding area.
Smaller tumors may require a lumpectomy to be removed. Some patients with larger tumors may receive chemotherapy prior to surgery in order to reduce a tumor’s size and enable total removal using a lumpectomy technique.
MASTECTOMY
A mastectomy is a procedure to completely remove your breast tissue. In a total or simple mastectomy, all of the breast tissue is removed, including the lobules, ducts, fatty tissue, and some skin, including the nipple and areola.
SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY
Your surgeon will talk with you the importance of removing the lymph nodes that are the first to receive the lymph drainage from your tumor in order to identify whether cancer has spread to those nodes.
The likelihood of detecting cancer in any of the remaining lymph nodes is low if those lymph nodes are cancer-free, thus no additional nodes need to be removed.
DR.KUMAR has a huge experience of more than 29 years in the field of breast surgery and he is an expert in treating all breast disorders including fibroadenosis, fibroadenoma, cancer breast, breast tumors, cysts of the breast, nipple discharge, and all other ailments of the breast. And DR.KUMAR has operated successfully on hundreds of patients with breast tumors. Making him an expert in treating breast disorders.