THYROID

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland in the anterior aspect of the neck,Engulfing the windpipe (trachea). It has two lobes-the right and the left lobe,connected by the isthmus and closely engulfs the wind pipe (trachea).

The thyroid hormones that are produced by this gland control how the body utilizes energy, and for metabolism. Additionally, thyroid hormones aid in maintaining healthy blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature.

THYROID FUNCTION TEST

Thyroid function test is the blood test for the thyroid to determine how well it is functioning and to determine the level of thyroid hormones in the blood and body.Theses test are total T3,total T4and TSH. Additionally, they are used in the diagnosis and investigation of thyroid disorders including hyper- and hypothyroidism. Blood testing and imaging studies for the thyroid are included.

TSH is one of the thyroid blood tests.-Thyroid-stimulating hormone is measured. Typically, your doctor will ask to do as initial test.

T3 and T4-They assess the blood’s concentration of the various thyroid hormones.

Test for thyroid antibodies. It measures specific thyroid antibodies (blood indicators). This examination might be used to identify thyroid autoimmune diseases(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

IMAGING STUDIES

Imaging studies for the thyroid function test includes,

CT scan of the neck
Ultrasound scan for the neck can be done
Radioidione scan for thyroid

GOITER

Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland’s dysfunction is not always indicated by an
enlarged thyroid. Those who have goiters may have thyroid glands that are:
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Where the gland generating an excessive amount of hormone.
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Where the glands production is inadequate.

SOLITARY THYROID NODULE

The single thyroid nodule, which is described as an isolated, palpable enlargement inside of a gland that otherwise appears to be functioning normally, is often a benign lesion.

DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITER

Diffuse toxic goiter is also known as GRAVES DISEASE ,it is an autoimmune disease which affects the thyroid.

This autoimmune disease causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. And the development of thyrotoxicosis which can damage the other organs,especially nervous and cardiovascular system.

MULTINODULAR GOITER

A multinodular goiter is one kind of the condition, in which the thyroid is enlarged and has several nodules (bumpy growths) on it.

The majority of multinodular goiters are asymptomatic. Typically, there is no exact cause.

Thyroid cancer risk is increased by multinodular goiters.

THYROID ADENOMAS

A thyroid adenoma is also known as a noncancerous thyroid lesion .Thyroid adenomas are benign lesions.They may not be cancer, but they can yet harm your general health.

There are two types of thyroid adenomas:

INACTIVE ADENOMA -which means they don’t produce thyroid hormones

ACTIVE ADENOMA – which means they do produce thyroid hormones.

THYROID NODULES

A fluid-filled cyst or growth of thyroid tissue that looks like a bump on the thyroid gland is called a thyroid nodule.

Nodules are rather typical. As you become older, the risk of thyroid nodules growing increases.

Although symptoms are uncommon, a big nodule may cause discomfort, hoarseness, or interfere with breathing or swallowing.

Although the majority of thyroid nodules are benign (not cancerous), only a few of them may contain thyroid cancer.

THYROID CYST

Thyroid cysts are often benign and simply contain fluid inside of them. Usually, they have no effect on how the thyroid functions.

They can be surgically removed when they are causing pain, removed with a needle, ablated, or removed using less invasive methods.

SOILD THYROID NODULES

Most of thyroid nodules are solid, and many of these do not contain malignancy. These are examined with ultrasonography and normally have no effect on thyroid function.

THYROID CANCER (CARCINOMA)

Thyroid cancer develops when the thyroid gland produces abnormal cell production.These types of cancer are often quite curable and have great cure rates

PAPILLOMA THYROID CARCINOMA

Papilloma thyroid carcinoma are the most common thyroid carcinoma which occurs around 80-85%. This kind of cancer develops slowly. Although papillary thyroid cancer frequently spreads to your neck’s lymph nodes, the condition is relatively treatable.

Papilloma carcinoma are highly curable.

FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA THYROID

Follicular carcinoma is referred to as a “well differentiated” thyroid cancer. However, it tends to be a little more aggressive and malignant than papillary cancer.

It affects people who are a little older and follicular thyroid cancer is also less prevalent in youngsters.

Follicular thyroid cancer is uncommon following radiation exposure.

MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

The thyroid gland’s medulla, where the medulla originates, can develop cancer, which is known as medullary thyroid cancer.

Parafollicular C cells, unique cells found in the medulla, are responsible for producing and secreting the hormone calcitonin. When the C cells become malignancy and proliferate out of control,MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER occurs.

ANAPLASTIC THYROID CARCINOMA

The hardest sort of thyroid cancer is anaplastic thyroid carcinoma to treat since there are more aggressive form.

It has a fast growth rate and frequently invades nearby tissue as well as other areas of your body.

This type of thyroid cancer are found in 2% of patients.

FNAC- FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY

This is the one of the commonest test done in the thyroid to rule out any cancerous growth.In this a small needle is inserted and a small bit of tissues is taken out and sent for histopathology examination.

THYROIDECTOMY

Thyroidectomy is the surgical procedure in which the thyroid gland is removed totally or partially from the body.

Patients with thyroid nodules,thyroid cancer and goiter can be performed this surgical procedure.

HEMITHYROIDECTOMY

This is the procedure in which ,one of the two thyroid lobes can be removed with a thyroid lobectomy, leaving the other one unaffected.

If there are nodules that produce symptoms or potentially be malignant,this kind of surgery is performed.

Additionally, it can be done to treat overproduction of hormones, such as those who have hyperthyroidism.

SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY

In this most of the thyroid gland is removed,leaving a small amount of thyroid gland.Usually this is done for multi nodular goiter.

TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY

In this whole of the thyroid gland is removed.This procedure is done for cancerous thyroid.

ISTHMUSECTOMY

It is a surgical procedure in which the centre part of the thyroid gland is removed.

This procedure is usually done for benign cases and for thyroid nodules.

DR.KUMAR has more than 29 years of experience in the field of thyroid surgery and he is an expert in treating thyroid disorders and has done hundreds of thyroid surgery successfully.